How do the non-financial harms from fraud differ between fraud types?

Background

For some economic crime types, such as fraud, the consequences of the crime are far easier seen and felt amongst the public, communities and businesses. The existing evidence base in relation to harms resulting from fraud is therefore also more developed in some areas.

For other crime types, harms are not always as clearly defined or robustly evidenced. Being able to begin to quantify and illustrate this harm – for example to individuals, to the economy or society more generally would support our understanding of the impact of economic crime. The following questions are where research would be particularly useful to begin doing this.